Category Archives: 1 Peter

The Apostle Peter closes his first inspired letter with the following words, “Through Silvanus, our faithful brother, as I consider him, I have written to you briefly, exhorting, and testifying that this is the true grace of God in which you stand [NIV “Stand fast in it”]. She who is in Babylon, chosen together with you, greets you; and so does Mark, my son. Greet one another with a kiss of love. Peace be to you all who are in Christ Jesus. Amen.” (5:12-14)

Peter mentions the name of Silvanus. This is another name for Silas. He was a man of prominence in the Jerusalem church before being sent to Antioch in order to encourage and strengthen the brothers there. Later he accompanied Paul on one of his evangelistic journeys. He is also named as one of the authors of two inspired letters to the church in Thessalonica which was in Greece. Another measure of this mans’ high standing in the church is that Peter calls him a faithful brother.

But when Peter says that he obtained the help of Silas in writing this letter it raises a question. If Silas’ help was needed to write this letter, then how can it be inspired? To answer this question we must understand the nature of inspiration. In chapter one, verse 11 Peter said that it was through the Spirit of Christ that the prophets of old spoke. This is fitting because one of Jesus’ names is the Word of God. So when we say that a particular book or letter is inspired, we are saying that it contains God’s message given through the Spirit of Christ. But Christ did not merely dictate the message as though the prophets and Apostles were secretaries. He has elevated those to whom he gave God’s message to a much higher level than that. While speaking to the Apostles he said, “No longer do I call you servants, for the servant doesn’t know what his lord does. But I have called you friends, for everything that I heard from my Father, I have made known to you.” (John 15:15) The Apostle Paul writes, “We are therefore ambassadors on behalf of Christ, as though God were entreating by us…” (2 Corinthians 5:20) So we see that Christ used the talents and abilities of His chosen messengers to express God’s words. The message of this letter was entrusted to Peter. But though Peter undoubtedly spoke Greek, it was not his mother tongue. And so he enlisted Silas to help him with the language. No one should make the mistake however, of thinking that because Christ chose to work through men in delivering God’s message that the words written in the Bible are only the words of men or the interpretation of men. No – the Bible is truly the word of God. The Apostle Peter writes, “knowing this first, that no prophecy of Scripture is of private interpretation. For no prophecy ever came by the will of man: but holy men of God spoke, being moved by the Holy Spirit.” (2 Peter 1:20-21)

When Peter says that “this is the true grace of God” and instructs his readers to “stand fast in it” he is referring to what he has already said throughout his letter. In particular, he has reminded the followers of Jesus that God will, “…after you have suffered a little while, perfect, establish, strengthen, and settle you.” (5:10) It is only by holding on to God’s grace that the followers of Christ will be able to endure suffering. Those who let go of it will be overcome by their suffering.

Peter sends greetings from “she who is in Babylon” and his ‘son’ Mark. This Mark is probably the cousin of Barnabas. (See Colossians 4:10) He accompanied Paul and Barnabas on one of their evangelistic journeys. Later he served in Rome while Paul was a prisoner there. He was also a companion of Peter and because he was such a close associate of one of the principle eyewitnesses of Jesus’ ministry was inspired to write the Gospel of Mark which is thought to be the earliest of the four gospels. Peter calls him his son. It is thought that Peter means this in a spiritual sense rather than physically.

It is most likely that Peter extends greetings from the church in Babylon rather than a particular person. But it is a matter of controversy which Babylon Peter was writing from. Some think that he uses the name Babylon as a hidden reference to Rome as the Apostle John does in the book of Revelation. The problem with this view is that nowhere else in his letter does Peter use allegorical or figurative names for geographical locations. Also, though it is very probable that Peter died in the city of Rome, there is no indication in the Bible that Peter had any part in establishing the church at Rome or that he served there. Others think that Peter was writing from a Roman fort called Babylon which was located in Egypt very near the present city of Cairo. This view is based on the tradition that Mark, whom Peter mentions, was instrumental in founding the church in Egypt. There can be little doubt that Mark evangelized Egypt, but it seems likely that most, if not all, of his ministry there took place after Peter’s death. If this is so, then it is unlikely that Peter could have written his letter from Egypt. Also, if Peter was an elder in the church in Egypt, it seems strange that Mark should be remembered as the one who founded the church there rather than Peter. When these facts are taken into consideration, it seems most likely that Peter wrote his letter from the ancient city of Babylon which is located on the Euphrates River. The tradition of the Eastern Churches also places him there at the time his letter was written.

Peter writes that the followers of Christ should greet one another with a kiss of love. It seems that a kiss was a common way of greeting among the people to whom Peter was writing. Even today in several places in the world people greet one another with a kiss. But whatever our method of greeting may be the attitude of our hearts should be consistent with the expression of our greeting. There are many who express great warmth by their greetings but harbor hatred in their hearts. But for the follower of Christ, the outward greeting should be an expression of the love one has in his heart.

Peter closes his letter with a prayer that the followers of Christ will have peace. This peace is not the absence of trouble or suffering, but rather an inner calm that enables one to face difficulty with in the full assurance that God loves him. This type of peace is something that only the followers of Christ can experience. Throughout his letter Peter has written of the many blessings and the glorious future that God grants to Jesus’ followers. The question is whether we have given our lives to Christ so that these blessings can be ours. If you do not yet follow Jesus, we invite you to do so, so that you too may experience peace and a living hope.

Vigor and enthusiasm are some of the outstanding characteristics of youth. But these positive qualities can also be their downfall. In their enthusiasm the young are often tempted to dismiss the wisdom of those who are older and to defy the authority of those who are over them. Perhaps it is for this reason that Peter address the young in chapter 5, verse 5 of his first inspired letter. He writes, “Likewise, you younger ones, be subject to the elder…” By “the elder” Peter is not merely speaking of those who are more advanced in years. He is specifically referring to those who hold the leadership position of elder or pastor in the church. In the first 4 verses of chapter five Peter had given instructions to the elders to not lord it over the people in their care. If it is important for leaders to deal gently with those under them, it is also essential that those who are young be obedient to those who have been given the responsibility of spiritual oversight.

But it is not only youth who need to show humility. Both the old and the young, both leader and led, all need it. Peter continues his message by saying, “…Yes, all of you clothe yourselves with humility, to subject yourselves to one another; for “God resists the proud, but gives grace to the humble.”” (5:5) Pride boasts that it is self-sufficient. Humility, on the other hand, gives up self-reliance for reliance on God. God can give his blessings only to those who recognize that they need them and are therefore willing to receive them. Peter says that the followers of Christ should clothe themselves with humility. When we look at each other we take note of what kind of clothes the other person is wearing. When someone looks at a follower of Christ, they should see humility.

Humility on the part of a Christian makes it possible for God to bless him. But humility also has a cost. In verse 6 Peter writes, “Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time;” We want the solution to our problems right now. We want to take things into our hands. But if we are humble we will acknowledge that we don’t always know what is best. We cannot see all of God’s plan and therefore humility will cause us to wait on His timing. We can rest assured that if we humbly submit then, when the timing is right, God will lift us up. This confidence in God’s promise will allow us to do what Peter says in verse 7: “casting all your worries on him, because he cares for you.” Anxiety is actually a form of pride. Pride holds on. Anxiety is saying that we want to be in control of the situation. Humility lets go. It acknowledges that it is God who is in control and that He will bring good out of whatever happens. We all need to ask ourselves whether we are giving our troubles to God or whether we are holding on to them.

Every follower of Christ needs to understand that the difficulties he faces are not merely the result of bad luck. They have an enemy that is actively seeking their destruction. In verses 8 through 11 Peter writes, “Be sober and self-controlled. Be watchful. Your adversary, the devil, walks around like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour. Withstand him steadfast in your faith, knowing that your brothers who are in the world are undergoing the same sufferings. But may the God of all grace, who called you to his eternal glory by Christ Jesus, after you have suffered a little while, perfect, establish, strengthen, and settle you. To him be the glory and the power forever and ever. Amen.”

Peter identifies the enemy of Christ’s people as the devil, not people. It is essential that we realize what this means. Though the devil often does his evil work through people, the Christian’s fight is not against them but rather against their master. The follower of Christ should not try to destroy those who cause them trouble, but should try to win them over. The Apostle Paul explains it this way, “For our wrestling is not against flesh and blood, but against the principalities, against the powers, against the world’s rulers of the darkness of this age, and against the spiritual forces of wickedness in the heavenly places.” (Ephesians 6:12)

It is also important to understand that the enemy is deadly. The only thing that will satisfy him is the destruction of Christ’s followers. Peter compares the devil to a roaring lion. But what lion would announce his presence to his intended prey by roaring? It appears that the devil seeks to deceive his victims into thinking that he does not intend to devour them. Or perhaps he is so powerful, swift and cunning that he feels no need to conceal himself. It is because their enemy is so deadly that Peter instructs Christ’s followers to be sober and self-controlled. This is the third time he has told them to be sober. The actual meaning of the word Peter uses is “free from intoxicating substances.” From chapter 1, verse 13 we see that this is part of what is meant when the followers of Christ are instructed to be holy. In chapter 4, verse 7 we see that sobriety is necessary in order to pray, and here we see that it is necessary in order to combat the devil.

How can such a foe as the devil be resisted? It is clear that if we attempt to do so by relying on our own strength we will surely fail. How then can it be done? Peter says by standing firm in the faith. It is our confidence in God and Jesus Christ which will bring victory. And we do not have to fight the battle by ourselves. Peter reminds his readers that followers of Christ all over the world are facing the same kind of suffering. This helps us in two ways. First, we can be encouraged and draw strength from the example of our brothers in other places who are gaining the victory. Secondly, it encourages us to set a good example for those brothers who are in danger of giving up.

As a further encouragement Peter reminds Christ’s followers that their suffering will only last a “little while” while the glory that Christ is giving them is eternal. As in says in Scripture, “Therefore don’t throw away your boldness, which has a great reward. For you need endurance so that, having done the will of God, you may receive the promise.” (Hebrews 10:35-36) On the surface it would seem that suffering would destroy Christ’s people, but Peter points out that after they have suffered a little while God will establish them and make them strong, firm and steadfast. Are we allowing suffering to overwhelm us, or are we allowing God to work through suffering to establish us?

Good leadership will often make the difference whether a group will survive or not during times of crisis. The followers of Christ to whom the Apostle Peter was writing in his first inspired letter were facing persecution. After encouraging the people and giving instructions about how they should conduct themselves in these circumstances, Peter specifically addresses their spiritual leaders. In chapter 5, verses 1 through 4 he writes, “I exhort the elders among you, as a fellow elder, and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, and who will also share in the glory that will be revealed. Shepherd the flock of God which is among you, exercising the oversight, not under compulsion, but voluntarily, not for dishonest gain, but willingly; neither as lording it over those entrusted to you, but making yourselves examples to the flock. When the chief Shepherd is revealed, you will receive the crown of glory that doesn’t fade away.”

When Peter uses the word ‘elder’ to describe the ones to whom he is writing, he is not merely speaking about their physical age. He is referring specifically to an office in the church leadership. It should be noted that several different terms are used to describe these leaders. In addition to the title which is translated as ‘presbyter’ or ‘elder,’ Peter says that they are also to act as a ‘shepherd’ or ‘pastor.’ He also says that they exercise ‘oversight.’ The word ‘overseer’ is sometimes translated ‘bishop.’ From this we can see that in the Holy Scriptures these titles are not used to describe different ranks of leaders in the church, but rather to describe different aspects of an elder’s role. It was only after the time of the Apostles that men began to wrongly divide the leadership of the church into higher and lower positions and to apply these different titles to the positions that they had created.

Peter bases his appeal to the church leadership on three things. The first is that he is a fellow elder. He does not command them using his authority as an Apostle, but appeals to them as one who shares the same burdens and responsibilities as they do. On the basis of what is written in chapter 5, verse 13 it would seem that in addition to being an Apostle Peter served as an elder in the church at Babylon. What he is saying is that he is not asking the other leaders of the church to do anything that he is not willing to do himself. The second basis for making his appeal is that he was an eyewitness of Christ’s suffering. He is able to instruct the church leaders about how they should conduct themselves in the face of persecution because he has personal knowledge of how Christ conducted Himself. The third basis for making his appeal is that he will share in the glory that will be revealed. In his second inspired letter Peter writes, “For we did not follow cunningly devised fables, when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of his majesty.” (2 Peter1:16) It is because Peter has seen a glimpse of Christ’s glory that he urges his fellow leaders to act in such a way that they too may share in it.

Peter says that a leader in the church should serve voluntarily and not because they feel compelled to do so. Christ wants a person’s heart, not just his actions. The man who regards the role of pastoring God’s flock as an irksome duty will do as little as he can to get by. On the other hand, the man who serves from the heart will have the interests of the flock in mind instead of his own.

In addition to willingness, another qualification for leadership in the church is to have the right motives. There are many who seek leadership in the church because they imagine that they will receive a good salary or that they will be able to use their position to their own financial advantage. But Peter says an elder must not be like this. The apostle Paul also gives two different lists of the qualifications of elders. (See I Timothy 3:1-7 and Titus 1:6-9) In both of these lists he says that an elder must not be motivated by the desire to get money. In another place, Paul describes some of the characteristics of false teachers as those, “…who suppose that godliness is a means of gain… those who are determined to be rich fall into a temptation and a snare and many foolish and harmful lusts, such as drown men in ruin and destruction… Some have been led astray from the faith in their greed, and have pierced themselves through with many sorrows.” (1 Timothy 6:5-10) Both Peter and Paul are saying that those who serve with the motive to get money have no business being in the leadership of the church.

Every position of authority also carries with it the potential for abuse. One temptation that elders face is to “lord it over” the people entrusted to their care. Those who do lord it over the flock have forgotten what it means to be a leader in Christ’s church. The people are not there to serve the leader, instead a leader is there to serve the people. Jesus told his disciples, “…The kings of the nations lord it over them, and those who have authority over them are called ‘benefactors.’ But not so with you. But one who is the greater among you, let him become as the younger, and one who is governing, as one who serves. …I am in the midst of you as one who serves.” (Luke 22:25-27) Every elder should set an example to the flock under him, just as Jesus set the example for the Apostles. The leaders of the church should not seek glory or honor in this life, but should await the glory that the Chief Shepherd will give them when He appears. It is very important to notice that Peter calls Jesus the ‘Chief Shepherd.’ There are many who try to put Peter in this role as the archbishop of the church. But Peter himself refutes this. Both here and in chapter 2, verse 25 he makes it clear that Jesus is the Shepherd who has authority over the church. Peter does not command, but appeals to his fellow elders as his equals.

All leaders in the church should examine their reasons for being in leadership. Do they truly wish to serve, or do they look upon their position as a job or an unpleasant duty? Do they really wish to help people, or do they consider their position a good way to acquire money? Do they give orders to those in their authority, or do they motivate people to do what is right by their own good example? If a person cannot meet these criteria that Peter has given, and is not willing to change, then he should not be a leader in the church.

Jesus plainly told His disciples that they would be persecuted. He said, “Then they will deliver you up to oppression, and will kill you. You will be hated by all of the nations for my name’s sake.” (Matthew 24:9) In view of this clear warning, what should the attitude of the followers of Christ be towards persecution? The Apostle Peter addresses himself to this question in chapter 4, verses 12 through 19 of his first inspired letter. He writes, “Beloved, don’t be astonished at the fiery trial which has come upon you, to test you, as though a strange thing happened to you. But because you are partakers of Christ’s sufferings, rejoice; that at the revelation of his glory you also may rejoice with exceeding joy. If you are insulted for the name of Christ, you are blessed; because the Spirit of glory and of God rests on you. On their part he is blasphemed, but on your part he is glorified. For let none of you suffer as a murderer, or a thief, or an evil doer, or a meddler in other men’s matters. But if one of you suffers for being a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God in this matter. For the time has come for judgment to begin with the household of God. If it begins first with us, what will happen to those who don’t obey the Good News of God? “If it is hard for the righteous to be saved, what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner?” Therefore let them also who suffer according to the will of God in doing good entrust their souls to him, as to a faithful Creator.”

The first thing that Peter emphasizes is that the followers of Christ should not be surprised that they are persecuted. It is not something strange. Jesus said, “If the world hates you, you know that it has hated me before it hated you… Remember the word that I said to you: ‘A servant is not greater than his lord.’ If they persecuted me, they will also persecute you…” (John 15:18-20)

Peter says that the followers of Jesus should rejoice in the face of persecution. How can this be? One reason is that to share in Christ’s sufferings in this life will enable those who believe in Him to share in His joy when His glory will be revealed. In chapter 1, verse 7 and again in chapter 5, verse 4, Peter says that Christ’s followers will also share in His glory. The more we suffer for Christ in this life, the greater our glory will be in the end.

Another reason for the followers of Christ to rejoice when persecuted is “…because the Spirit of glory and of God rests…” on them. The Apostle Paul explains the nature of this blessing when he writes, “But if the Spirit of him who raised up Jesus from the dead dwells in you, he who raised up Christ Jesus from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through his Spirit who dwells in you.” (Romans 8:11) It is this hope in the resurrection that allows the followers of Christ to rejoice even though their persecutors may kill them.

But the followers of Christ must examine their own actions to make sure that the persecution they suffer is not a result of their own wrong doing. Peter makes it very clear that God’s blessing is only on those who are insulted because of the name of Christ. If we suffer because of evil actions, or even because we have meddled in other peoples affairs, then our suffering is on our own heads. Just as the accusations against Jesus were proven false, so too the accusations made against his followers should also prove to be false.

Peter says that no one should be ashamed of suffering for being a Christian. To us this might seem a strange thing to say to the followers of Jesus. We can understand why Peter would say this however, when we take a closer look at the word he uses. Notice first of all, that in this passage from Peter’s letter which we are studying, in the eyes of a persecutor to be a Christian is as dishonorable as being a thief or murderer. The word ‘Christian’ is used only two other times in the New Testament. One mention of this word is in king Arippa’s remark to Paul, “With a little persuasion are you trying to make me a Christian?” (Acts 26:28) We do not know in what tone of voice the king said this, but it is quite possible that he said it contemptuously. We are also told that, “…The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch.” (Acts 11:26) The word translated ‘called’ refers to a person’s occupation. So the name ‘Christian’ means those who make following Christ their occupation. It is also interesting to note that the name is not something the followers of Christ originally applied to themselves, but was given to them by those outside the faith. In fact, history records that Christ’s followers did not use this name for themselves until about the second century. In view of these facts, and that Peter tells his readers not to be ashamed of this name, it seems reasonable to say that those who gave this name to Jesus’ followers probably meant it as a taunt or abuse.

But there is another side to this. The prophet Isaiah had prophesied that God would give His people a new name. (See Isaiah 62:2) There are many names used for Jesus’ followers, such as disciples (Acts 6:7), saints (Ephesians 1:1), brothers (Acts 15:1, 23) and followers of the way (Acts 9:2). The only name, however, that can be applied exclusively to Jesus’ followers is ‘Christian.’ Peter says that a Christian should praise God that he bears that name. He is bearing the name of Christ, and as scripture says, “… God also highly exalted him, and gave to him the name which is above every name…” (Philippians 2:9). God has taken a name that man intended for insult and ridicule and turned it into something that is a privilege and honor to bear.

Though the followers of Christ may have to suffer persecution, Peter points out that their persecutors will also have to face judgment. Peter calls persecution a judgment. Though it is difficult to face, the persecutors will have to face a far worse one when they stand before God. Peter quotes Proverbs 11:31 from the Septuagint, which is a Greek translation of the Old Testament, to establish that the righteous, that is Christians, will be saved. But if their salvation is difficult, then it is impossible for those who do not follow Christ. In view of this, Peter assures his readers that God, their Creator, is faithful and urges those who are suffering as a result of being a Christian to fully commit their lives to him, and to continue to do good.

How should we act when threatened with hardship or persecution? When trouble comes some people think only of themselves. Others try to escape it with alcohol or some other intoxicating substance. But the Apostle Peter says that the followers of Christ should respond to trouble by rendering loving service. In chapter 4 of his first inspired letter, verses 7 through 11 he writes, “But the end of all things is near. Therefore be of sound mind, self-controlled, and sober in prayer. And above all things be earnest in your love among yourselves, for love covers a multitude of sins. Be hospitable to one another without grumbling. As each has received a gift, employ it in serving one another, as good managers of the grace of God in its various forms. If anyone speaks, let it be as it were the very words of God. If anyone serves, let it be as of the strength which God supplies, that in all things God may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom belong the glory and the dominion forever and ever. Amen.”

It is not entirely clear what Peter means when he says, “the end of all thing is near.” It is possible that he is referring to the end of the world and the time when Jesus will return. If this is so, then it is important to keep in mind that Peter is not promising that Christ’s return will happen in the next few days or even years. God’s timing is very different from that of man. In his second letter Peter himself says, “But don’t forget this one thing, beloved, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day.” (2 Peter 3:8) Though it has been almost 2,000 years since Peter wrote that “the end of all things is near,” his inspired words are still true. As the Apostle Paul wrote, “…salvation is now nearer to us than when we first believed.” (Romans 13:11)

When Peter says that the end of all things is near he may mean that the conditions which have brought about persecution are nearing an end. It is also possible that Peter means that the end of all things is near in the sense that some of those reading his letter will be killed in the persecution they are facing. But regardless of Peter’s meaning, how should the followers of Christ act when facing the end? There are four things Peter says Christians should do. The first is to pray. The word in this verse which is translated ‘sober’ actually means to be free from intoxicating substances. So we see that in order for someone to be able to pray they must be both clear minded and temperate. If we find it difficult to pray it may be that we are indulging in things that dull or befuddle our minds. If we wish God’s help, then we must refrain from those things that make it impossible for us to ask for his help.

In addition to praying, Peter says that the most important thing the followers of Christ should do is to love one another deeply. The reason he gives is that love covers a multitude of sins. It is important to understand that Peter is not saying that God will excuse sin because of His love for us. God never excuses sin. Instead He paid the penalty for sin on our behalf through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Peter is not speaking here about the relationship between mankind and God but about the relationship that there should be between the followers of Jesus. But how does love cover sin? One way is that love does not try to find evil in another Christian. The Apostle Paul wrote that love, “… takes no account of evil; doesn’t rejoice in unrighteousness…” (1 Corinthians 13:5-6) When love does discover sin, it forgives and refrains from spreading the matter. Proverbs 17:9 says, “He who covers an offense promotes love; but he who repeats a matter separates best friends.” Love also tries to reclaim the one who has sinned. The Apostle John writes, “If anyone sees his brother sinning a sin not leading to death, he shall ask, and God will give him life for those who sin not leading to death…” (1 John 5:16) The Apostle Paul says, “Brothers, even if a man is caught in some fault, you who are spiritual must restore such a one in a spirit of gentleness; looking to yourself so that you also aren’t tempted. Bear one another’s burdens, and so fulfill the law of Christ.” (Galatians 6:1-2) Are we following Peter’s instruction to love one another? Do we try to restore those who have fallen into sin? Or are we trying to find fault?

The third thing that Peter instructs the followers of Christ to do is to “Be hospitable to one another without grumbling.” (4:9) One of the benefits of extending hospitality is that it helps us take our minds off of our own troubles and to think of the needs of other people. When the followers of Christ share in this way with one another, the burdens of each become less. But hospitality should not be restricted to those we know. Sometimes God sends his blessings by means of strangers. Scripture says, “Don’t forget to show hospitality to strangers, for in doing so, some have entertained angels without knowing it.” (Hebrews 13:2) We should all examine our lives in this area. Do we show hospitality to others?

A fourth response when facing the end of all things is that the followers of Christ should use what time they have to serve others. Peter says that God has given each follower of Christ a gift which is to be used to benefit others. He mentions only two of them, that is speaking and service, but the Apostle Paul mentions several more. He writes, “Having gifts differing according to the grace that was given to us, if prophecy, let us prophesy according to the proportion of our faith; or service, let us give ourselves to service; or he who teaches, to his teaching; or he who exhorts, to his exhorting: he who gives, let him do it with liberality; he who rules, with diligence; he who shows mercy, with cheerfulness.” (Romans 12:6-8) Several things should be noted about these gifts: 1) They are from God, not self-generated. 2) God has given each of Christ’s followers at least one of these gifts. 3) Everyone is gifted differently. 4) No one has all the gifts. 5) They are to be used in God’s strength. 6) The gifts are to be used in such a way that God’s glory is displayed. Each one of us who follows Christ should ask ourselves how we are using the gift God has given us. Are we using it for his glory? Are we serving others through God’s power? Or are we trying to do everything in our own strength?

The Apostle Peter follows his own instruction by closing this section of his letter with an expression of praise to God an Christ: “…to whom belong the glory and the dominion forever and ever. Amen.” (4:11)

It is a fact of life that people suffer. The question is, Why? In chapter 3 of his first inspired letter, the Apostle Peter reminds the followers of Christ that suffering may result from their own wrong actions. But suffering may also have meaning and purpose. Peter gives the example of Jesus to illustrate that suffering may be necessary in order to reconcile someone else to God. It is only because the innocent Jesus died on behalf of sinners that their sins can be forgiven.

From this we can learn another important truth. God often uses the very thing that brings destruction to also bring deliverance. Christ laid down His life in order to give life to others. Peter also gives the illustrations of Noah and of baptism. Water destroyed the earth, but that same water also lifted the ark above the destruction. Our old self is destroyed when we are baptized into Christ’s death, and it is in that same baptism that we are saved through the power of Christ’s resurrection.

In the same way, Peter points out that suffering by the follower of Christ can be the very thing that ensures his salvation. In the first 6 verses of chapter 4 he writes, “Forasmuch then as Christ suffered for us in the flesh, arm yourselves also with the same mind; for he who has suffered in the flesh has ceased from sin; that you no longer should live the rest of your time in the flesh for the lusts of men, but for the will of God. For we have spent enough of our past time doing the desire of the Gentiles, and having walked in lewdness, lusts, drunken binges, orgies, carousings, and abominable idolatries. They think it is strange that you don’t run with them into the same excess of riot, blaspheming: [NIV, “and they heap abuse on you.”] who will give account to him who is ready to judge the living and the dead. For to this end the Good News was preached even to the dead, that they might be judged indeed as men in the flesh, but live as to God in the spirit.”

Peter says that the followers of Christ are to arm themselves with Christ’s mind or attitude. What was His attitude? It was one that made Him willing to die on our behalf. The Apostle Paul describes it this way, “Have this in your mind, which was also in Christ Jesus, who, existing in the form of God, didn’t consider equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, being made in the likeness of men. And being found in human form, he humbled himself, becoming obedient to death, yes, the death of the cross” (Philippians 2:5-8) When we have the same attitude as Christ, we too will be willing to suffer in order to do God’s will even if it means our death.

But why is it necessary to go through this kind of suffering? Peter’s answer to this question is that, “he who has suffered in the flesh has ceased from sin.” But what does “ceased with sin” mean? There are two meanings. The Apostle Paul explains the first in this way: “We who died to sin, how could we live in it any longer? …Thus consider yourselves also to be dead to sin, but alive to God in Christ Jesus our Lord. Therefore don’t let sin reign in your mortal body, that you should obey it in its lusts.” (Romans 6:2, 11-12) From this we can see that just as the body of a dead person can no longer respond to anything, the person who has submitted his life to Christ should no longer respond to the allure of sin. He is dead to it. It no longer has a hold on him. And this is something that the non-Christian cannot understand. Peter says that they think it is strange when the follower of Christ does not join them in doing evil things, and heap abuse upon him.

To avoid this abuse the follower of Christ might be tempted to give in and join the non-Christian in his evil practices. But Peter gives two reasons for not doing so. The first is that no matter how much or little time we have spent doing these things in the past, it is enough! It was this behavior which made Christ’s death necessary. How can the follower of Christ involve himself again in the very things that caused his Lord to sacrifice His life? Scripture says, “For if we sin willfully after we have received the knowledge of the truth, there remains no more a sacrifice for sins, but a certain fearful expectation of judgment, and a fierceness of fire which will devour the adversaries.” (Hebrews 10:26-27)

The second reason that a follower of Christ should not be intimidated into committing sin is that those who are abusing him will have to give account to the one who will judge both the living and the dead. Who is this judge? Peter himself provided the answer to this question when he preached to the household of Cornelius. He said, “…God anointed Jesus of Nazareth… he is the one whom God appointed as judge of the living and the dead.” (Acts 10:38, 42 NIV) In chapter 3, verse 15 of his first letter Peter had pointed out that Jesus is the defender of His people. Here we see that Jesus is also the judge of their persecutors.

How far will Jesus allow persecution to go? Peter says that it is possible that Christ may even allow his followers to be killed. When Peter writes, “…that they might be judged indeed as men in the flesh, but live as to God in the spirit.” (4:6) he is drawing a direct parallel to what he had already said about Jesus in chapter 3, verse 18. That verse says He was, “…put to death in the flesh, but made alive in the spirit;” Just as men put Jesus to death, they may kill His followers as well. But just as God’s Spirit raised Jesus from the dead, so too God will keep alive the spirits of those who are put to death for following Him. As the message which was given to the church in Smyrna says, “…Be faithful to death, and I will give you the crown of life… He who overcomes won’t be harmed by the second death.” (Revelation 2:10-11) The term ‘second death’ refers to eternal punishment in hell.

And this brings us to the second meaning of the phrase ‘ceased from sin’. A person who has died can no longer sin or be tempted by it. One reason God allows Christians to suffer, even to be killed, is that it is better for a follower of Christ to die than to throw his salvation away by returning to a life of sin.

Why do we suffer? The Apostle Peter gives at least three reasons. The first is that suffering may be a result of our own wrongdoing. In chapter 3, verse 17 of his first letter Peter writes, “For it is better, if it is God’s will, that you suffer for doing well than for doing evil.” From this we can see that not all suffering is God’s will. All too often we do what is wrong and then blame God for the consequences. Each one of us needs to ask the question, “Is my suffering a result of my own choice to do what is wrong?”

But there is another reason or cause for suffering. It may be necessary for us to suffer so that someone else may be reconciled to God. To illustrate this point Peter gives the example of Christ. In verse 18 he writes, “Because Christ also suffered for sins once, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring you to God…” Just as Christ had to suffer in order to bring salvation to those who believe in Him, it may be necessary for the followers of Jesus to suffer in order to take the message of salvation to those who do not yet believe. The Apostle Paul puts it this way, “But all things are of God, who reconciled us to himself through Jesus Christ, and gave to us the ministry of reconciliation; namely, that God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself, not reckoning to them their trespasses, and having committed to us the word of reconciliation. We are therefore ambassadors on behalf of Christ, as though God were entreating by us: we beg you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God.” (2 Corinthians 5:18-20)

Before Peter discusses a third purpose in suffering he describes the process of salvation. In verses 18 through 21 he writes of Christ, “…being put to death in the flesh, but made alive in the spirit; in which he also went and preached to the spirits in prison, who before were disobedient, when God waited patiently in the days of Noah, while the ship was being built. In it, few, that is, eight souls, were saved through water. This is a symbol of baptism, which now saves you—not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ,”

It is important to note that both in the days of Noah and today the need for salvation results from man’s disobedience. In describing Noah’s era Scripture says, “Yahweh [that is, “The Lord”] saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.” (Genesis 6:5) In regard to the days in which we are living God’s word says, “For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness…” (Romans 1:18) Man’s disobedience not only makes salvation necessary, disobedience also prevents man from obtaining the salvation which is offered to him. Only eight people, including Noah, obeyed by entering the ark and so were saved from the flood. Today, it is only those who obey Christ who will be saved from the judgment that God is bringing on mankind. Peter writes that “…God waited patiently in the days of Noah…” Scripture tells us that God waited 120 years before sending the flood. God is patiently waiting today as well for people to accept the forgiveness He offers. In his second inspired letter Peter writes The Lord, “…is patient with us, not wishing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance.” (2 Peter 3:9) Each one of us needs to ask ourselves whether we are presuming upon God’s patience or whether we are being obedient to Christ.

What does Peter mean when he says that Christ “…also went and preached to the spirits in prison, who before were disobedient…”? Some think that after Jesus died on the cross He descended into hell and until His resurrection preached to the condemned spirits there. But there is a more reasonable explanation. In chapter 1, verses 10 through 12 Peter pointed out that the Spirit of Christ was in the prophets and it was He that motivated them to speak. When Noah spoke to the people of his generation, his words were actually the words of Christ. They were condemned because they rejected Christ’s message which Noah revealed to them. We too will be condemned if we reject Christ’s message.

From Peter’s account we can learn the following about salvation: 1) Before salvation can be granted, there must be a means of salvation. Noah could not be saved from the flood until the ark had been built. In the same way, it is Jesus’ death and resurrection that prepared the way for our salvation from sin. 2) Those that are saved must have a faith that causes them to obey. Only those who believed Noah’s message that the flood was coming obeyed the command to enter the ark. Only those who believe Christ’s message obey Him. 3) There must be an agent of salvation. In Noah’s time water not only destroyed the earth but lifted the ark above the flood. In the same way the waters of baptism are the agent by which God grants new spiritual life to the sinner. The apostle Paul writes, “Or don’t you know that all we who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were buried therefore with him through baptism to death, that just like Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so we also might walk in newness of life.” (Romans 6:3-4) There are many who disagree with this concept. They say that baptism is not necessary for our salvation. But who are we to argue with the Apostles Peter and Paul? Who are we to argue with the method our savior chooses to save us? It is not our place to argue with Christ, but to humbly obey and accept the salvation He offers. 4) Salvation not only looks to the future but also has immediate benefits. The meaning of Peter’s phrase that is translated “…the answer of a good conscience toward God…” is somewhat obscure. One thing that seems clear, however, is that God grants those who are baptized into Christ a clear conscience. 5) Salvation from sin is impossible apart from Christ’s resurrection from the dead. The Apostle Paul writes, “If Christ has not been raised, your faith is vain; you are still in your sins.” (1 Corinthians 15:17)

Christ’s suffering made our salvation possible. But it also brought a reward. In verse 22 Peter writes, “…who is at the right hand of God, having gone into heaven, angels and authorities and powers being made subject to him.”

Peter writes his first inspired letter to followers of Christ who are suffering persecution. In the face of suffering or persecution it is always a good idea to try to understand why it is occurring. Peter addresses this question in chapter 3, verse 13 where he writes, “Now who is he who will harm you, if you become imitators of that which is good?” This raises the possibility that at least some of the people to whom Peter is writing were not being persecuted merely because they were Christians, but also because they might have been involved in doing wrong, or because they were deliberately provoking the authorities. This becomes even more clear when we realize that this translation uses the phrase ‘ imitators of’ for the Greek word ‘Zealots.’ A more literal translation of Peter’s words would be, “And who will harm you if you are Zealots in doing good?” But who were the Zealots? They were a group of radical extremists who were dedicated to obtaining the independence of the Jewish people from Roman rule. In A.D. 66 they began the revolt against Rome which culminated in the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. It is worth noting that one of Jesus’ Apostles, that is Simon the Zealot, was a member of this sect before becoming a follower of Jesus. Jesus transformed him from a man of violence who was willing to die for his political convictions into a man of peace who was later martyred while spreading Jesus’ message of love, forgiveness and reconciliation. Every person who claims to be a follower of Jesus should ask himself whether he has allowed Christ to transform him in this way or not. What is most important to us? Are we fanatical about our political convictions, or are we fanatical about doing good? In chapter 2, verses 13 through 17 Peter had already told his readers that they must respectfully submit to governmental authority and honor the king. Here in chapter 3, verse 13 he urges the followers of Christ to make sure that their suffering does not result from their own inappropriate actions.

But not all suffering results from wrongdoing. Many are persecuted in spite of doing good. Does this mean that God has forgotten them, or is angry with them? No, not at all! Peter points out that the follower of Christ is blessed even under unjust suffering. In verse 14 he writes, “But even if you should suffer for righteousness’ sake, you are blessed…” This recalls the words that Jesus spoke in the sermon on the mount: “Blessed are those who have been persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven. “Blessed are you when people reproach you, persecute you, and say all kinds of evil against you falsely, for my sake. Rejoice, and be exceedingly glad, for great is your reward in heaven. For that is how they persecuted the prophets who were before you.” (Matthew 5:10-12)

When people have suffered persecution it is easy for them to listen to rumors and to believe that everyone is conspiring against them. But Peter writes, “Don’t fear what they fear, neither be troubled.” This is a quotation of part of verse 12 from Isaiah chapter 8. If we are to take the whole of verse 12 it reads: “Don’t say, ‘A conspiracy!’ concerning all about which this people say, ‘A conspiracy!’ neither fear their threats, nor be terrorized.” From this we learn that our fears are often baseless. Events which bring harm are not always part of an overall plan or conspiracy to destroy the followers of Christ.

But it is one thing to say that we should not fear and another to actually cease fearing. What is the secret of overcoming fear of suffering for our faith? Both Isaiah and Peter provide the answer: In verse 13 Isaiah writes, “Yahweh [that is, Lord] of Armies is who you must respect as holy. He is the one you must fear. He is the one you must dread.” Peter writes in verse 15, “But in your hearts set apart Christ as Lord…” (NIV) From these verses we can learn at least two things. The first lesson is that the more we fill our hearts with Christ, the less we will fear the future or what people will try to do to us. The second lesson is that when we compare these two passages together we see that another name for Christ is the Lord of Armies. Christ himself will fight against those who seek to harm His followers.

There is another reason for the follower of Jesus to “set apart Christ as Lord” in their hearts. In the second part of verse 15 Peter writes “…and always be ready to give an answer to everyone who asks you a reason concerning the hope that is in you, with humility and fear…” It is only when the Christian’s heart is fully given to his Lord that he will be able to answer the questions that are put to him about his faith. The word that Peter uses that is translated “give an answer” means to give a verbal defense. This word is used several times in the New Testament. In several cases it refers to not merely answering the questions of an individual but to defending oneself in a court trial. For example Jesus told his disciples, “When they bring you before the synagogues, the rulers, and the authorities, don’t be anxious how or what you will answer, or what you will say; for the Holy Spirit will teach you in that same hour what you must say.” (Luke 12:11-12) In chapter 1, verses 10 through 12 Peter calls the Holy Spirit the ‘Spirit of Christ.’ Jesus Himself is the defender of those who have “set apart Christ as Lord” in their hearts.

This translation says that the followers of Jesus are to answer their critics with fear. But how can this be since Peter has already quoted from the prophet Isaiah to establish the fact that Christians should not fear? If Peter is referring to the attitude we should have toward God, then fear in the sense of reverence is an appropriate translation. On the other hand, it is more likely that Peter is referring to the attitude a follower of Christ should have toward his questioners. In that case it would be more appropriate to translate Peter’s words “with humility and respect”. For Peter goes on to say in verse 16, “having a good conscience; that, while you are spoken against as evildoers, they may be disappointed who curse your good way of life in Christ.” The follower of Christ is not to answer his accusers with insolence, but is to allow his good behavior to refute the accusations made against him. The object is not to defeat the accusers, but if possible to win them over so that they too may experience Christ’s love and forgiveness. As the Apostle Paul said when he was on trial before King Agrippa, “…I pray to God, that… not only you, but also all that hear me this day, might become such as I am, except for these bonds.” (Acts 26:29)

As people we often have trouble getting along with one another. We think differently. We have different likes and dislikes. We have different temperaments. And so, whenever we come into contact with other people there is the potential for trouble and conflict. The followers of Christ face the same problems and temptations as everyone else and sometimes it is difficult for them as well to get along with other people – even with other believers. But though it may be difficult, the goal of every Christian should be to live peaceably with everyone. In view of this the Apostle Peter gives instructions about proper behavior to both wives and husbands in chapter 3 of his first letter. If instructions about how to live with those in the family are necessary, they are even more necessary for getting along with fellow believers who are outside the immediate family. In verse 8 Peter writes, “Finally, be all like-minded, compassionate, loving as brothers, tenderhearted, courteous,”

Does the phrase “like minded” mean that the followers of Christ are to be exactly alike? Are they supposed to suppress their individuality? Not at all. For in chapter 4 Peter goes on to say that God has given the followers of Jesus different spiritual gifts. Not everyone has the same gift, and the different gifts are used in various ways in God’s service. From this we see that following Jesus does not destroy individuality but that our different personalities are united towards achieving the same goal. What then does Peter mean when he urges his readers to be “like minded?” From what he has already said in his letter, it is safe to say that Peter means that the followers of Christ should have the same view of Jesus, of sin and of the glorious future that awaits a Christian. When fellow believers are in agreement in these areas, then it is easier for them to get along with one another.

The rest of this verse needs little explanation. Everyone knows what it means to “compassionate, loving as brothers, tenderhearted, courteous.” The difficulty is not in understanding, but in doing what Peter says. But this raises another question. It is obvious that if every follower of Jesus followed Peter’s instructions there would be few opportunities for problems to arise. And those problems which did arise would soon be settled. But the followers of Christ are not perfect. They too, occasionally succumb to temptation. What then is the proper response when we have been wronged by a fellow believer? Peter answers this question when he writes in verse 9, “not rendering evil for evil, or insult for insult; but instead blessing; knowing that to this were you called, that you may inherit a blessing.”

This is not an easy thing to do. It is natural to want revenge and to take justice into our own hands. Are we willing to put our feelings aside and obey? Many say that they are ready to lay down their very lives for Christ, yet are not willing to follow this instruction that Christ has given through Peter. While being willing to sacrifice our lives for Christ is commendable, what He really wants is an obedient heart. As Samuel the prophet said to king Saul, “Does the Lord delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices as much as in obeying the voice of the Lord? To obey is better than sacrifice, and to heed is better than the fat of rams. For rebellion is like the sin of divination, and arrogance like the evil of idolatry…” (1 Samuel 15:22-23 NIV) When we refuse to follow Peter’s instructions we are not acting out of love for God, but out of pride.

Peter writes that the reason the followers of Christ should give blessing in return for insult is that they have been ‘called’ to inherit a blessing. This is the fourth time that Peter has said that the followers of Christ have been called. (1:16, 2:9, 2:21) This is a reminder that it was not us who reached out to God, but that it was God who initiated our salvation. As the apostle John wrote, “In this is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son as the atoning sacrifice for our sins.” (1 John 4:10) In the same way the followers of Christ should reach out in love to those who insult them.

Peter’s words also remind us of the promise that God made to Abraham, “I will make of you a great nation. I will bless you and make your name great. You will be a blessing.” (Genesis 12:2) It is appropriate that those who have the same faith in God as Abraham, and who share in the promises God made to Abraham, should also be a blessing.

Peter reinforces his instructions to the followers of Christ that they should live in harmony with one another and answer insult with blessing by quoting from Psalm 34, verses 12 through 16: “For, “He who would love life, and see good days, let him keep his tongue from evil, and his lips from speaking deceit. Let him turn away from evil, and do good. Let him seek peace, and pursue it. For the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous, and his ears open to their prayer; but the face of the Lord is against those who do evil.”” (1 Peter 3:10-12)

This passage puts Peter’s command into perspective. It first describes a goal that we all want, that is to love life and see good days. It next gives three specific actions that we must do in order to achieve this goal. They are to keep our tongues from evil, our lips from deceitful speech, and to turn from evil and do good. It is worth noting that the phrase “turn away from evil and do good” is the biblical definition of repentance. The motive for doing these things is to seek peace. Then, the attitude with which we should do this is mentioned: that is our attitude should be one of righteousness. And, finally, this results in God being attentive to the prayers of the follower of Christ who obeys Peter’s command from the heart. In chapter 3, verse 7 Peter had indicated that the prayers of a Christian husband would be hindered if he failed to treat his wife respectfully. Here we see that being out of harmony with or treating another believer badly will also hinder the prayers of a follower of Christ. Every follower of Christ must make a choice. When we are treated badly by another believer will we take matters into our own hands and so cut ourselves off from receiving the answers to our prayers? Or will we humbly obey Peter’s instruction to repay insult with blessing and enjoy God’s blessing as a result?

If a person merely says he believes something but that faith does not govern his actions, then his words are meaningless. When the standards of society are in harmony with ideals of our religion, then it is easy for us to act consistently with what we say we believe. But the real test of faith is whether we are willing to defy the standards of society in order to be obedient to the will of God. We should show our faith not only in how we act towards those in society, but especially in how we treat our families. The manner in which the followers of Jesus should treat family members is one of the things that distinguishes Christianity from all other religions. And it is different from the standards of society. As the Apostle Peter points out, there are two principles of conduct which should govern all of our actions. The first is to abstain from evil, and the second is to do good. But Peter does not leave it there. He goes on to apply these principles to specific areas of our every-day lives. In writing to husbands the he says: “You husbands, in the same way, live with your wives according to knowledge, giving honor to the woman, as to the weaker vessel, as being also joint heirs of the grace of life; that your prayers may not be hindered.” (1 Peter 3:7)

“…husbands, in the same way…” In the same way as what? To answer this question it is necessary to look at the context of Peter’s instruction. After giving the general rules of Christian conduct in chapter 2, verses 11 and 12, Peter writes about what our attitude toward government should be, how household servants should behave towards their masters, the example of Jesus and the conduct of wives. In each case Peter emphasizes the need of submission. So, when Peter tells husbands to act in the same way, he is instructing them to be submissive. This is not always easy. A man may have to face ridicule and scorn for obeying Peter’s instructions. But the motive for submission in all the examples Peter gives, is a reverential fear of God. A husband who is truly a follower of Christ will submit to God’s standards in spite of pressure from friends, relatives or society because his highest goal is to not do anything that would destroy his relationship with God.

When Peter refers to woman as the “weaker vessel” he is speaking primarily about wives. But it is not limited to them. A Christian husband’s attitude and behavior towards his wife should extend to all women.

In what way is a woman a “weaker vessel?” When Peter called women the weaker vessel he may have had in mind the order in which God created mankind, and the authority structure God has established. In speaking of this the Apostle Paul writes, “ For Adam was first formed, then Eve. Adam wasn’t deceived, but the woman, being deceived, has fallen into disobedience.” (1 Timothy 2:13-14) It is because woman was created after man, and because she was the first to sin that God has placed wives under the authority of their husbands. And so, it is possible to say that a woman is weaker because God has given her less authority.

A woman may also be the “weaker vessel” as a result of the instruction the Apostle Peter gives to wives in chapter 3, verse 1. There he tells wives to submit to their husbands. Any person who submits to someone else voluntarily puts themselves in a weaker position. So it follows that if a wife is obedient to God’s Word she will give her own will a lower place than her husband’s.

But it is most likely that when Peter uses the term “weaker vessel” for women, it is not so much a comment about women, but rather a comment about how men view women. The clue to this interpretation is that Peter says that husbands are to live with their wives “ according to knowledge”. During and after the time of the writing of this letter, there were many philosophers and religious sects which claimed to have special knowledge, beyond what was revealed to the apostles. They called themselves the ‘knowing ones.’ These people regarded all matter as evil and, in particular, they regarded women as lower than themselves and unclean. This philosophical position in turn caused them to despise and suppress women.

This is an area in which Christianity is very beautiful when contrasted to the standards of the world. Are women ‘weaker vessels?’ Then, instead of despising their wives for their weakness, Peter makes it very clear that the followers of Christ are to show them respect. Strength is not the same as worth. God often chooses the weak to do his work over those who consider themselves strong. As God said to the apostle Paul, “…my power is made perfect in weakness…” (2 Corinthians 12:9)

Peter also points out that, before God, wives are of equal value as their husbands. In God’s eyes the wife is not ‘lower’ than her husband, and the husband is not ‘higher’ than his wife. They are both joint heirs of life. And this life is a gift. It is not something the husband has by right while his wife does not. He needs the gift of life just as much as she does. It is only by God’s grace that either of them have life. Husband and wife are to serve God side by side.

Our attitude towards our wives and other women affects much more than just our home life. Peter says that if we do not respect our wives, if we will not treat women as fellow heirs of the gift of life, then our prayers will be hindered. Do we feel at times that it is difficult to pray? Does it seem sometimes that God is far away and does not listen to our prayers? Whenever we begin to feel this way, we should take a look at how we are treating our wives. It may be that God will not listen to us because we refuse to grant our wives the same honor and respect which God gives them. Each one of us needs to ask ourselves, do we honor our wives? Do we treat them with respect? Do we acknowledge that our wives are as precious to God as we are, or do we try to put them down?